{"id":1167,"date":"2024-01-18T18:11:55","date_gmt":"2024-01-18T18:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/?p=1167"},"modified":"2024-01-18T18:11:55","modified_gmt":"2024-01-18T18:11:55","slug":"long-service-life-or-recycling-which-is-the-most-sustainable-strategy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/2024\/01\/long-service-life-or-recycling-which-is-the-most-sustainable-strategy\/","title":{"rendered":"Long Service Life or Recycling: Which is the Most Sustainable Strategy?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>I have had several discussions recently about which is more important \u2013 making fa\u00e7ade components last longer or creating systems where components can be repeatedly recovered, recycled and renewed. Some assert that fa\u00e7ade component lifetime is not that important if this end-of-life recycling and renewal can occur. While this part of the circular economy appears to be an attractive sustainability strategy, it may lull us into a false sense of sustainability.<\/p>\n<p>I have always felt that prioritizing durability and longevity ahead of design for recyclability was the best choice \u2013 if there was one to be made \u2013 but I could not effectively articulate a clear rationale. That was until I read a<a href=\"https:\/\/ddc.dk\/debunking-misconceptions-on-circular-economy\/\"> paper<\/a> by a non-profit Danish Design Center (DDC) team and a follow-up commentary by<a href=\"https:\/\/lloydalter.substack.com\/p\/theres-only-one-way-to-make-the-circular\"> Lloyd Alter<\/a>. The articles address the criticisms of the circular economy, debunk some myths and add a fourth requirement to the definition of circular economy. They also underscore the primacy of product service life. Keeping materials in service is the highest value in the circular economy.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1169\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1169\" style=\"width: 2048px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure1-LinearEconomy-scaled.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure1-LinearEconomy-scaled.jpg\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169 lazyload\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"965\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1169\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169\" src=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure1-LinearEconomy-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"965\" srcset=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure1-LinearEconomy-scaled.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure1-LinearEconomy-300x141.jpg 300w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure1-LinearEconomy-1024x482.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure1-LinearEconomy-768x362.jpg 768w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure1-LinearEconomy-1536x723.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/noscript><\/a> The linear economy \u2013 take, make, use, dispose, waste \u2013 requires a lot of energy and raw material depletion.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Circularity is a Lot More Than End-of-Life Recycling<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>One of the myths the DDC team highlights is that circularity is often seen as only about recycling. In truth, recycling is \u201cone of the last priorities to carry out as a circular strategy for products and materials.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org\/\">The Ellen MacArthur Foundation<\/a>, the circular economy or a \u201cclosed-loop economy\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org\/the-circular-economy-in-detail-deep-dive#:~:text=A%20circular%20economy%20favours%20activities,materials%20circulating%20in%20the%20economy.\">assumes<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Products and materials circulate<\/strong> inside the economy \u2013 \u201cusing them\u201d rather than \u201cusing them up.\u201d This drives a focus on durability, reuse, re-manufacturing and recycling.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Waste and pollution are identified and designed out<\/strong>, including greenhouse gas emissions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nature is regenerated<\/strong>. This means avoidance of non-renewable sources and use of renewable sources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1170\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1170\" style=\"width: 2048px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure2-Circular-Economy-scaled.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure2-Circular-Economy-scaled.jpg\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1170 lazyload\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1170\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1170\" src=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure2-Circular-Economy-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure2-Circular-Economy-scaled.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure2-Circular-Economy-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure2-Circular-Economy-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure2-Circular-Economy-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure2-Circular-Economy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/noscript><\/a> The circular economy model where materials are shared, repaired, re-used, refurbished, or remanufactured and recycled.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The circular economy aims to replace what the foundation calls the \u201ctake-make-waste\u201d linear model of business-as-usual. It notes that the product and material cycle primarily focuses on keeping products in use as long as possible, which emphasizes <strong>durability<\/strong>, <strong>maintenance<\/strong> and <strong>repair<\/strong> and <strong>re-use<\/strong>. They underscore that recycling is of lower value because of the energy and cost of remaking products and material loss. Often, recycling becomes a lower value downcycling, too.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Circularity Takes Energy and Resources to Sustain<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The circular economy does not come for free. Refurbishment, re-manufacturing, repair and recycling take energy and resources to sustain, especially recycling. Material is lost through each recycle loop, and \u201cvirgin\u201d material must be added to maintain the status quo demand. Even more material and energy must be added to sustain a growing market. The fact that material recycling takes significant amounts of energy (cost) is often why recycling isn\u2019t commonly done today.<\/p>\n<p>The DDC notes that \u201can entirely closed-loop system, even one that recycles, reuses, remanufactures and refurbishes everything, can still result in excessive resource depletion, pollution and waste generation as long as it is driven by growth.\u201d It goes on to state that a fully circular economy is a \u201cphysical impossibility\u201d because of the laws of thermodynamics.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1171\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1171\" style=\"width: 2048px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure3-CircularEconomy-TakesEnergy-scaled.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure3-CircularEconomy-TakesEnergy-scaled.jpg\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1171 lazyload\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1535\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1171\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1171\" src=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure3-CircularEconomy-TakesEnergy-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1535\" srcset=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure3-CircularEconomy-TakesEnergy-scaled.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure3-CircularEconomy-TakesEnergy-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure3-CircularEconomy-TakesEnergy-1024x767.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure3-CircularEconomy-TakesEnergy-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Figure3-CircularEconomy-TakesEnergy-1536x1151.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/noscript><\/a> The circular economy takes energy and resources to sustain, especially the recycling loop. Recycling is the last choice in the circular economy because of this. Extending service life is a first choice.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>We Cannot Recycle Our Way to Sustainability<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The DDC team underscores \u201cprevention\u201d as the top priority in the waste hierarchy. Before we design for the 3-Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), DDC advocates for an additional first R: \u201cRefusal.\u201d This means a refusal to use and a focus on sufficiency. As a result, they have added a fourth item to The Ellen MacArthur Foundation\u2019s definition of a circular economy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cRedefine a meaningful life with less consumption.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>DDC says, \u201cOften, the circular choice means <em>not<\/em> buying something new \u2013 holding on to products for a more extended period, taking better care of products and materials, repairing and sharing instead of owning.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In his follow-up commentary, Alter concludes, \u201cThe way to build a circular economy is to use less stuff.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Recognizing \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.buildingsandcities.org\/insights\/commentaries\/cop26-sufficiency.html\">sufficiency<\/a>\u201d or \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ideas4sustainability.wordpress.com\/2013\/03\/07\/economy-of-enoughness\/\">enoughness<\/a>\u201d as a key sustainability strategy is growing. It is supported by Kate Raworth\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kateraworth.com\/doughnut\/\">Doughnut Economics<\/a> model, which describes a safe and just space for sustainable economic growth. This model is based on a foundation of social equity, peace and justice, with a ceiling limiting growth to that which does not irreversibly damage the Earth\u2019s ecological systems.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1172\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1172\" style=\"width: 2048px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/FIgure4-DoughnutEconomics_KateRaworth-scaled.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/FIgure4-DoughnutEconomics_KateRaworth-scaled.jpg\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1172 lazyload\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1941\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1172\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1172\" src=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/FIgure4-DoughnutEconomics_KateRaworth-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1941\" srcset=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/FIgure4-DoughnutEconomics_KateRaworth-scaled.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/FIgure4-DoughnutEconomics_KateRaworth-300x284.jpg 300w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/FIgure4-DoughnutEconomics_KateRaworth-1024x970.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/FIgure4-DoughnutEconomics_KateRaworth-768x728.jpg 768w, https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/FIgure4-DoughnutEconomics_KateRaworth-1536x1455.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/noscript><\/a> The Doughnut Economic model by Kate Raworth. Credit: Figure by Technoform from Kate Raworth\u2019s model.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Implications for Building and Fa\u00e7ade Systems<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>What does this mean for building and fa\u00e7ade systems?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Designing for longevity trumps recyclability<\/strong> \u2013 if there is a choice to be made. Ideally, we would achieve long-lived, maintainable, upgradable fenestration and insulating glass systems AND design them to be de-constructible and recyclable at the end of their life. We would also establish an effective reclamation infrastructure to close the circular loop efficiently. But the hierarchy of importance seems clear: Think durability before recycling. Doing so automatically helps us to use less stuff over the long term.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Using less stuff:<\/strong> In many cases, using less stuff is correlated with reducing embodied carbon emissions. The choice to build or not is the main driver of embodied carbon (and using less stuff). Thereafter, and as I have <a href=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/2020\/12\/seeing-the-forest-from-the-trees-reducing-epd-myopia-part-2\/\">written previously<\/a>, embodied carbon reduction continues to be driven by design choices, most of which are also driven by using less stuff:\n<ul>\n<li>to renovate rather than build new<\/li>\n<li>the size of a new building (how big is big enough?)<\/li>\n<li>the amount and type of insulation<\/li>\n<li>the choice of a single versus double fa\u00e7ade<\/li>\n<li>the thickness and number of panes in the insulating glass units (IGUs)<\/li>\n<li>to design with fewer unique and more efficient IGU sizes, which conserves material because it results in less waste during fabrication<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Making more energy-efficient fa\u00e7ades often results in using more stuff, such as triple-pane glazing, additional insulation and double-skin fa\u00e7ade systems. A balance exists between long-term operational efficiency (which influences operational carbon), occupant comfort and resilience, and upfront investment in embodied carbon. Using more stuff upfront may be the right choice for resilience, occupant comfort and cumulative carbon emissions, but this hinges on the first choice: Do we need to build new? Can a current space be refurbished rather than demolished and rebuilt?<\/p>\n<p>Jurisdictions are already starting to wrestle with \u201cto build or not to build.\u201d In the United Kingdom, the London City Council <a href=\"https:\/\/www.architectsjournal.co.uk\/news\/opinion\/goves-ms-oxford-street-decision-could-be-great-for-cities\">recently denied<\/a> a planning application from a leading British retailer to demolish its flagship store on Oxford Street and redevelop the site, questioning the need to build new because of concerns for embodied carbon.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recycling is Important but Not Sufficient<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Notwithstanding the focus on extending service life, we must also pursue efforts to recycle glass and other carbon-intensive fa\u00e7ade materials at the end of life. The glass industry has<a href=\"https:\/\/www.glassmagazine.com\/article\/flat-glass-recycling\"> started to work<\/a> on creating glass recycling programs. These programs not only have the potential to prevent value-reducing downcycling into insulation and road construction materials (and worse, disposal to landfill), but they also increase recycled material in the float glass process, which reduces the energy (and carbon) needed to make it, by reducing the melting temperature.<\/p>\n<p>Bertrand Cazes,<a href=\"https:\/\/glassforeurope.com\/\"> Glass for Europe<\/a>\u2019s secretary general, said that a 2-3% reduction in energy consumption could be achieved for every 10% recycled glass cullet used in the batch. It also reduces the impact of raw material extraction\u2014a triple benefit.<\/p>\n<p>Recycling building glass is a good thing. However, in general, recycling cannot be used as a synonym for the fenestration circular economy due to all the abovementioned reasons. Recycling alone is insufficient. For a truly circular economy, our efforts must be broader, focusing on sufficiency, service life extension, maintenance, re-use, re-manufacturing and designing waste and pollution out of the process.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I have had several discussions recently about which is more important \u2013 making fa\u00e7ade components last longer or creating systems where components can be repeatedly recovered, recycled and renewed. Some assert that fa\u00e7ade component lifetime is not that important if this end-of-life recycling and renewal can occur. While this part of the circular economy appears <\/p>\n<div class=\"read-more-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/2024\/01\/long-service-life-or-recycling-which-is-the-most-sustainable-strategy\/\" class=\"read-more\">continue reading<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[307,26],"class_list":["post-1167","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-insights_n_inspirations","tag-recyclability","tag-sustainability"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Long Service Life or Recycling: Which is the Most Sustainable Strategy? - Insights and Inspirations<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Making more energy-efficient fa\u00e7ades results in using more stuff, such as triple-pane glazing, more insulation and double-skin fa\u00e7ades.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/usglassmag.com\/insights\/2024\/01\/long-service-life-or-recycling-which-is-the-most-sustainable-strategy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Long Service Life or Recycling: Which is the Most Sustainable Strategy? 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